Редактирование: V-model
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− | + | == Introduction == | |
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+ | The article is based on the oncoming paper '''V.A. Kuzkin and I.E. Asonov "Vector-based model of elastic bonds for DEM simulation of solids".''' | ||
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− | + | Discrete Element Method (DEM) is widely used for computer simulation of granular materials both solid and free-flowing. In powders and other free-flowing media interactions between particles usually include contact forces, dry and viscous friction, cohesion, electrostatic forces etc. For simulation of solids particles are additionally connected by so-called bonds <ref name="BPM"/>, <ref name="Wang"/>. In general case bond transmits both forces and moments acting between particles. They are responsible for stability, elasticity, strength and other intrinsic properties that distinguish solids from free-flowing materials. The bonds may have different physical meaning. On the one hand they can specify the law of interaction between different parts of one material represented by the particles. On the other hand bonds can be considered as a model of some additional glue-like or cement-like material, connecting particles. | |
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− | + | In practice models allowing to represent forces and moments, acting between particles, as a function of characteristics of particle motion (linear and angular velocities, rotational matrixes, quaternions, etc.) are required. According to the review presented in paper <ref name="Wang"/> only several models presented in literature describe all possible kinds of deformation of the bond. Bonded-particle model (BPM) was proposed in paper <ref name="BPM"/> for simulation of rocks. The BPM model is widely used in literature for simulation of deformation and fracture of solids in both two and three dimensions. Several drawbacks of BPM model, in particular, in the case of coexistence of bending and torsion of the bond, are discussed in paper <ref name="Wang"/>. It is noted that the main reason for the drawbacks is incremental algorithm used in the framework of BPM model. Another approach based on decomposition of relative rotation of particles is proposed in paper <ref name="Wang"/>. Forces and moments are represented as functions of angles describing relative turn of the particles. | |
− | of | + | It was shown that method <ref name="Wang"/> is more accurate than incremental procedure of BPM model. However in the framework of model <ref name="Wang"/> potential energy of the bond and its relation to forces and torques are not considered. Though the expression for potential energy is not required for DEM simulations it is still very important. It is required for control of energy conservation and construction of nonlinear elastic force laws. The approach proposed in paper <ref name="Wang"/> does not guarantee that the forces and moments caused by the bond are conservative. Note that any model for an elastic bond should be perfectly conservative. |
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− | + | Also let us note the model recently development by [http://www.dem-solutions.com/academic/edem-academic-workshop-proceedings.php DEM-sloutions Ltd.]. It was proposed to use Timoshenko beam as a model of the bond connecting particle. Though the model has clear physical meaning it is also not the panacea. In particular, it is not straightforward how to implement this model in the case of finite rotations of the particles. | |
− | + | There are also some other physical drawbacks of the existing bond models that will be highlighted in the paper. | |
− | + | Let us summarize them: | |
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+ | * energy conservation is not guaranteed ('''BPM, Wang's model''') | ||
+ | * non close-packed lattices, rods and shells can not be modeled as they are unstable ('''BPM''') | ||
+ | * stiffneses of the bond are not independent ('''BPM, Timoshenko''') | ||
+ | * bond connects centers of the particles. In contrast, in reality particles are usually glued by their surfaces. The difference can be crucial, especially for a short bonds ('''BPM, Wang's model, Timoshenko beam''') | ||
+ | * large rotations of the particles as well as rigid body rotations of all specimen can not be considered ('''Timoshenko beam''') | ||
+ | * low accuracy in the case of short bonds ('''Timoshenko beam''') | ||
+ | * generalization for the case of large nonlinear elastic deformations of the bond is not straightforward. The generalization can be crucial for polymer (for example, rubber) bonds ('''BPM, Wang's model, Timoshenko beam''') | ||
− | + | == V-model == | |
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− | + | The V-model is based on the combination of approaches proposed in works of [[П.А. Жилин | P.A. Zhilin]], E.A. Ivanova, [[А.М. Кривцов | A.M. Krivtsov]], N.F. Morozov <ref name="IvKrMoFi_2003"/>, <ref name="IvKrMo_2007"/> and works of M.P. Allen <ref name="Allen"/>, S.L Price. The idea of the model is to introduce potential energy of interactions between two bonded particles as a function of particles orientations. The potential energy describes all possible kinds of deformation of the bond: tension/compression, shear, bending and torsion. | |
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− | + | Detailed description of the model and procedures for parameters calibration will be given in the paper. Here let us show some results obtained using V-model. | |
{|align="center" | {|align="center" | ||
|-valign="top" | |-valign="top" | ||
− | |[[Файл: | + | |[[Файл:Rod instability.jpg|300px|thumb|right| Rod under the action of following shear force]] |
− | |[[Файл: | + | |[[Файл:Plate instability.jpg|200px|thumb|right| Plate under the action of following compressive forces]] |
− | | | + | |[[Файл:3D rod torsion.jpg|330px|thumb|right| Torsion of 3D rod-like body]] |
− | + | |} | |
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− | == Advantages of | + | == Advantages of V-model == |
Let us summarize advantages of V-model: | Let us summarize advantages of V-model: | ||
− | + | * applicable in the case of large turns of the particles | |
− | * applicable in the case of large turns of the particles | + | * conservation of energy (bonds are perfectly elastic) |
− | * conservation of energy (bonds are perfectly elastic) | + | * the bond has longitudinal, shear, bending and torsional stiffnesses that can be set independently |
− | * any non close packed structure, rods and shells can be | + | * any non close packed structure, rods and shells can be modeled (see figures above) |
− | * forces and | + | * forces and moments are calculated at the present moment as a functions of particles orientations |
− | * description of bonds of any length/thickness ratio. It is shown that in the case of small deformations the behavior of the bond can fit the behavior of Bernulli-Euler rod or Timosheko rod or short cylinder connecting particles (depending on length/thickness ratio) | + | (more accurate integration of motion equations then in the case of incremental algorithm used for BPM) |
− | * simple analytical expressions connecting parameters of V-model with geometrical and mechanical characteristics of the bond | + | * description of bonds of any length/thickness ratio. It is shown that in the case of small deformations |
− | * bonds can connect points inside the particles or lying on particles surfaces (not only particle centers) | + | the behavior of the bond can fit the behavior of Bernulli-Euler rod or Timosheko rod or short cylinder connecting particles |
− | * | + | (depending on length/thickness ratio) |
− | + | * simple analytical expressions connecting parameters of V-model with geometrical and mechanical characteristics | |
− | + | of the bond | |
− | + | * bonds can connect points inside the particles or lying on particles surfaces (not only particle centers) | |
− | + | * the model can be easily generalized in order to describe nonlinear elastic behavior of the bond | |
− | + | * fracture criterion used in BPM can be used in couple with V-model | |
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== History and acknowledgements == | == History and acknowledgements == | ||
− | The idea underlining V-model was first formulated by [[В.А. Кузькин|Vitaly Kuzkin]] during communication with Michael Wolff in Technical University of Hamburg (March, 2011). The first formulation was very simple and coarse, but it works! The results of some test simulations were presented by [[В.А. Кузькин|Vitaly Kuzkin]] on [http://www.apm-conf.spb.ru APM 2011] conference (July, 2011). At the present moment V-model is much more flexible and physically meaningful than its first version. Now it is developed jointly by [[В.А. Кузькин | Vitaly Kuzkin]] and [[И.Е. Асонов | Igor Asonov] | + | The idea underlining V-model was first formulated on the paper by [[В.А. Кузькин|Vitaly Kuzkin]] during communication with Michael Wolff in Technical University of Hamburg (March, 2011). The first formulation was very simple and coarse, but it works! The results of some test simulations were presented by [[В.А. Кузькин|Vitaly Kuzkin]] on [http://www.apm-conf.spb.ru APM 2011] conference (July, 2011). At the present moment V-model is much more flexible and physically meaningful than its first version. Now it is developed jointly by [[В.А. Кузькин | Vitaly Kuzkin]] and [[И.Е. Асонов | Igor Asonov]]. |
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+ | The authors are deeply grateful to Michael Wolff, [[А.М. Кривцов | Prof. Anton Krivtsov]], Prof. Stephan Heinrich and Dr. Sergiy Antonyuk. | ||
== References == | == References == | ||
<references> | <references> | ||
− | + | <ref name="BPM"> Potyondy D.O., Cundall P.A. Abonded-particle model for rock // Int. J. of Rock Mech. & Min. Sc., 41, (2004) pp. 1329–1364 | |
+ | </ref> | ||
+ | <ref name="Wang"> Wang Y. A new algorithm to model the dynamics of 3-D bonded rigid | ||
+ | bodies with rotations // Acta Geotechnica, 4, (2009), pp. 117–127 | ||
+ | </ref> | ||
<ref name="IvKrMoFi_2003"> E.A. Ivanova, A. M. Krivtsov, N. F. Morozov, A. D. Firsova. Decsription of crystal particle packing considering moment interactions // Mechanics of Solids. 2003. Vol. 38. No 4, pp. 101-117. | <ref name="IvKrMoFi_2003"> E.A. Ivanova, A. M. Krivtsov, N. F. Morozov, A. D. Firsova. Decsription of crystal particle packing considering moment interactions // Mechanics of Solids. 2003. Vol. 38. No 4, pp. 101-117. | ||
</ref> | </ref> | ||
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</ref> | </ref> | ||
</references> | </references> | ||
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